What Are The Criteria For The Spontaneity Of Chemical Reactions (2024)

Answer:

J

Explanation:

Explanation:

Le Chetelier's principle states that in an equilibrium system, if a constraint (such as a change in pressure, temperature, or concentration of a reactant) is applied to the system, the equilibrium will shift so as to tend to annul the effect of the constraint. For the dissolution of Solid Magnesium oxide Mg(OH)2 in water, normally, only a small amount of the solid is dissolved to form magnesium ions Mg^2+ and hydroxide ions 2OH-. In a saturated solution of magnesium oxide in water, any action that removes the hydroxide ions formed will cause the reaction to shift to the product side on the right to favor the production of more hydroxide ion, which means more of the magnesium oxide will be dissolved.

Addition of Ammonium chloride NH4Cl neutralizes the hydroxide ions by acting as an acid, to form ammonia NH3 and water H20. This is because the Ammonium chloride dissolves to form ammonium NH4 and chlorine Cl^- ions in the solution, allowing the ammonium to react with the hydroxide ions. The reactions are shown below.

Mg(OH)2 ⇄ Mg^2+ 2OH^- ....... initial magnesium oxide dissolution

NH4Cl ⇒ NH4 + Cl ......... dissolution of ammonium chloride

NH4 + OH^- ⇒ NH3 + H2O ....... the consumption of the hydroxide ion by the ammonium to form ammonia and water, leading to more of the magnesium oxide dissolving to form more hydroxide ions.

Answer:

1.076 mol (corrected to 2 d.p.)

Explanation:

Take the atomic mass of Ga be 69.7.

since no. of moles = mass/ molar mass,

no. of moles of Ga used = 100.0 / 69.7

= 1.43472023 mol

From the balanced equation, the mole ratio of Ga:S2 = 4:3, which means every 4 moles of Ga can react completely with 3 moles of S2.

So, let the no. of moles of Sulphur required be y.

[tex]\frac{4}{3} =\frac{ 1.43472023}{y}[/tex]

4 y = 1.43472023 x 3

y = 1.076 mol (corrected to 2 d.p.)

The percent composition of Nitrogen in the compound is 59.42%

The total mass of the compound is 27.6 g

The mass of nitrogen is 16.4 g

The mass of carbon is 11.2 g

The percent composition of nitrogen in the compound can be calculated as follows

= 16.4/27.6 × 100

= 0.5942 × 100

= 59.42 %

Hence the percent composition of nitrogen in the compound is 59.42 %

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Answer:

Explanation:

The half reaction required

Fe⁺³ + 3 e = Fe

This is a balanced equation

No of atom of Fe on both side = 1

Total charge on the left side = + 3 - 3 = 0

Total charge on the right = 0

three electrons will be required to neutralise +3 charge on the single iron ion .

Answer:

The effective nuclear charge in a cesium atom is greatest in the 1s orbital

Explanation:

Effective nuclear charge (Zeff) is the positive nuclear charge that is experienced by an electron in an atom. It is affected by the shielding effect and penetration of electrons of the atoms.

The shielding effect is the decrease in attraction between an electron and the nucleus in any atom with more than one electron shell. Innermost electrons shield the outermost electrons from the positive charge of the nucleus. The more electron shells there are, the greater the shielding effect experienced by the outermost electrons. and the more electron shielding an electron has, the lower the Zeff value.

Penetration is the ability of an electron to approach the nucleus. The closer the electron is to the nucleus, the higher the penetration. Electrons with higher penetration will shield outer electrons from the nucleus more effectively. The s orbital being closest to the nucleus has the highest penetration while the f orbital has the lowest penetration.

Cesium has an atomic number of 55 as well as nuclear charge of +55. It has 54 electrons in its filled 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰4p⁶5s²4d¹⁰5p⁶6s¹ shells and an outermost 6s electron. Based on the explanation above, the effective nuclear charge is greatest in the innermost 1s orbital and least in the outermost 6s orbital.

The electron in a cesium atom experience should be considered as the 1st orbital.

What is an Effective nuclear charge (Zeff)?

It is considered to be the positive nuclear charge i.e. experienced via the electron in an atom. It should be impacted via the effect of shielding and the penetration of the electron with respect to the atoms.

The electronic configuration of cesium should be like

[tex]1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^6 3d^10 4s^2 4p^6 4d^10 5s^2 5p^6 6s^1[/tex]

Now

the electron which is in the innermost subshell will experience the highest effective nuclear charge and it should be 1s.

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Answer:

4 moles

Explanation:

First, let's find the molar mass of AgCl. The molar mass of Ag is 107.87 and the molar mass of chlorine is 35.45 so the total mass is 107.87 + 35.45 = 143.32 grams per mole. Now all we need to calculate is 573.28 / 143.32 = 4 moles.

Answer:

4 mols

Explanation:

Step 1: Find molar mass of AgCl

Ag - 107.8682

Cl - 35.45

Ag + Cl = 143.318 g/mol

Step 2: Conversion

[tex]573.26g AgCl (\frac{1 mol}{143.318 g})[/tex]

We should get 4.00005, rounded to 4 mols as our answer.

Answer:

2AlCl3 + 3Ca(OH)2 --> 2Al(OH)3 + 3CaCl2

Explanation:

aluminum chloride + calcium hydroxide --> aluminum hydroxide + calcium chloride

AlCl3 + Ca(OH)2 --> Al(OH)3 + CaCl2

Note: Al forms an ion of charge +3, Cl forms ion of charge -1, OH forms ion of -1, and Ca forms ions of charge +2. So when you combine 2 of these into ions, (must be one positive, one negative for ionic compounds), make sure the net charge at the end =0.

For example, Al ions have a charge of +3, so it needs 3 Cl- ions to eliminate the negative charge, so aluminium chloride is AlCl3.

Now balance the equation. make sure both sides have the equal no. of ions.

start with Cl. the reactant side has 3 Cl ions, while the product side has 2. So, the lowest common multiple is 6. Multiply AlCl3 by 2, and CaCl2 by 3 to get 6 Cl ions on each side.

2AlCl3 + Ca(OH)2 --> Al(OH)3 + 3CaCl2

Now the reactant side has 2 Al ions. So, multiply the Al(OH)3 on the product side by 2 to balance out Al ions.

2AlCl3 + Ca(OH)2 --> 2Al(OH)3 + 3CaCl2

Finally, the product side has 6 OH- ions, so multiply 3 on Ca(OH)2 from the reactant side to balance out the OH- ions.

2AlCl3 + 3Ca(OH)2 --> 2Al(OH)3 + 3CaCl2

Recount the ions to make sure it is correctly balanced! :)

Answer:

[tex]3Sr^{+2}+6Cl^{-}+6Li^{+}+2PO_{4}^{3-}-->Sr_{3}(PO_{4})_{2}+6Li^{+}+6Cl^{-}\\\\3Sr^{+2}+2PO_{4}^{3-} --->Sr_{3}(PO_{4})_{2}[/tex]

First equation is the complete ionic equation.

Second equation is the net ionic equation.

Answer:

[tex]14\\8[/tex]O

Explanation:

The top number always represents the mass number.

The bottom number always represents the atomic number.

The element always goes after the numbers.

If charge is present, that comes after the element.

Answer:

B

Explanation:

All the elements in a period have valence electrons in the same shell. The number of valence electrons increases from left to right in the period. When the shell is full, a new row is started and the process repeats.

A new period starts when a new neutron cycle starts. Hence, option B is correct.

What is the period in the periodic table?

A period in the periodic table is a row of chemical elements. All elements in a row have the same number of electron shells.

All the elements in a period have valence electrons in the same shell.

The number of valence electrons increases from left to right in the period.

When the shell is full, a new row is started and the process repeats.

Hence, option B is correct.

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Answer:

The answer is Electronegativity increases up and to the right

Explanation:

When you move from left to right it increases ( in the periodic table )

But when you move down the table electronegativity decreases.

So “ Electronegativity increases up and to the right” describes the trends the best.

Hope this helps! :)

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Good luck!

Answer:

4572cm

Explanation: 1ft =30.48cm so you multiply the length value by 30.48

Complete question:

(a) compute the specific heat capacity at constant volume of nitrogen gas. the molar mass of N₂ is 29.0 You warm 1.8 kg of water at a constant volume 1.00 L from 21 C to 30.5 C in a kettle. For the same amount of heat, how many kilograms of 21∘C air would you be able to warm to 30.5∘C ?

(b) What volume (in liters) would this air occupy at 21∘C and a pressure of 1.00 atm? Make the simplifying assumption that air is 100% N₂​

Answer:

(a) The specific heat capacity of N₂ is 715.86 J/kg.K

(b) The volume the air occupy at 21∘C is 8784.29 Liters

Explanation:

Given;

M is the molar mass of N₂ = 29 x 10⁻³ kg/mol

specific heat of N₂ at constant volume, Cv = 20.76 J/mol.K

(a)

The specific heat capacity of N₂ is calculated as;

[tex]C = \frac{C_v}{M} \\\\C = \frac{20.76}{29 *10^{-3}} \\\\C = 715.86 \ J/kg.K[/tex]

(b) heat capacity of water;

Q = mcΔθ

where;

c is the specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J/kg.K

m is mass of water, = 1.8 kg

Δθ is change in temperature, = 30.5 - 21 = 9.5 °C

Q = 1.8 x 4200 x 9.5

Q = 71820 J

Mass of nitrogen gas N₂, at this quantity of heat;

[tex]m_{N_2} = \frac{Q}{C*\delta \theta} \\\\m_{N_2} = \frac{71820}{715.86*9.5}\\\\m_{N_2} = 10.56 \ kg[/tex]

The volume this air occupy at 21∘C

Apply ideal gas law;

[tex]PV = nRT = \frac{m}{M} RT[/tex]

[tex]PV = \frac{mRT}{M} \\\\V = \frac{mRT}{MP}\\\\V = \frac{10.56(kg)*8.314*10^3(L.Pa/mol.K)*294(K)}{29*10^{-3}(kg)1.01325*10^5 (Pa)}\\\\V = 8784.29 \ Liters[/tex]

Answer:

160g

Explanation:

Mass in grams is equal to product of moles and molar mass of compound.

Answer:

See figure 1

Explanation:

For this question, we have to remember that definition of an "isomer" in an isomer we have the same condensed formula (in this case [tex]C_6H_14[/tex]) and different structures. The first structure is a linear structure of 6 carbons (hexane). Then we can have a 5 carbon linear structure in which we have to add a methyl group. This methyl group can be attached to carbon 2 or carbon 3 (2-methylpentane and 3-methylpentane). Finally, we can have a 4 carbon linear structure in which we have to add 2 methyl groups. We can do this addition in carbon 2 (2,2-dimethylbutane) or we can do this addition in carbon 2 and carbon 3 (2,3-dimethylbutane).

See figure 1

I hope it helps!

The first component is a six-carbon linear structure. Then we'll need to add a methyl group to a five-carbon linear structure.

Constitutional isomers:

This methyl group can be linked to either carbon 2 or carbon 3 in the carbon chain. Finally, we can make a four-carbon linear structure by adding two methyl groups. This addition can be done with carbon 2 alone or with carbon 2 and carbon 3 together.

The constitutional isomers have the same chemical formula, but their atom connections are different. Chain isomers, position isomers, and functional group isomers are the three forms of constitutional isomers.

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Answer:

30

Explanation:

atomic mass = proton number + neutron number

proton number is also atomic number

An iron atom has an atomic mass of 56, its atomic number is 26 so the number of neutrons in it is 30.

What is atomic mass?

Atomic mass of any substance will be calculated by the sum of the masses of protons and neutrons present in the atom.

Atomic number (Z) of any atom is equal to the number of protons or electrons present in that atom. Relation between atomic mass, atomic number and number of neutrons will be represnted as:

No. of neutrons = Atomic mass - Atomic number

On putting values for iron atom according to the question, we get

No. of neutrons = 56 - 26 = 30

So, number of neutrons is 30.

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Answer:

[tex][Ar]4s^23d^5[/tex]

Explanation:

Hello,

In this case, we write the electron configuration of the manganese atom by noticing its atomic number is 25, so we fill the orbitals and levels up-to 25 electrons as shown below:

[tex]1s^22s^22p^63s^23p^64s^23d^5[/tex]

Moreover, for the condensed electron configuration, we consider the previous noble gas, that is argon, electron configuration which is:

[tex]1s^22s^22p^63s^23p^6[/tex]

By cause of its atomic number that is 18. In such a way, we combine argon's electron configuration with manganese's to obtain its condensed version:

[tex][Ar]4s^23d^5[/tex]

Regards.

Answer:

Initial concentration = 2.30 M

Explanation:

**********

Full Question;

For this question, consider the reaction A-->B with a rate constant k=7.17x10^-4 m/s.

**********

From the units of the rate constant, we can tell that this is a Zero order reaction.

k = 7.17 x 10^-4 m/s

t = 15 minutes = 15 * 60 = 600s (Converting to seconds)

concentration of A to decrease by 28%.

[A] = Final Concentration

[A]o = Initial Concentration

[A] = [A]o - ( [A]o * 28 ) / 100

[A] = [A]o - 0.28[A]o

[A] = 0.72 [A]o

For a zero order reaction, we have;

[A] = [A]o -kt

Substituting the new value of [A], we have;

0.72 [A]o = [A]o - (7.17 x 10^-4 * 900)

0.28 [A]o = (7.17 x 10^-4 * 900)

[A]o = 2.30 M

Answer:

23.84g CH30H

32.81g H2O

Explanation:

We will be using the definition of mole fraction to determine the relationship between the number of moles of methanol,

CH3OH , and the number of moles of water.

But mole fraction gives the ratio between the number of moles of a component i of a solution to the total number of moles present in that solution.

CHECK THE ATTACHMENT FOR DETAILED EXPLANATION

Answer:

the density if vinegar will also be needed

Explanation:

Because this is an experiment of volumetric analysis

Answer:

Thorium-235

Explanation:

Half-life is defined as the time taken for a radioactive material to reduce to half of its original amount. If the original amount of a radioactive substance N is 100%, then;

1st half-life- 50% of N is left

2nd half life - 25% of N is left

3rd half-life- 12.5% of N is left

The half-life of Thorium-235 is 15 billion years, hence three half lives will take place in 45 billion years. Hence 12.5% of the original amount of Thorium-235 present will remain after about 42 billion years.

Answer:

See explanation

Explanation:

a) Benzamide from benzene

For this synthesis, we have to start with the Friedel-Crafts reaction to produce Toluene. Then with a strong oxidant, we can produce benzoic acid. In the next step, we can use an esterification reaction to produce the methyl benzoate. Finally, we can use an acyl substitution reaction using ammonia to produce the benzamide.

b) From bromocyclohexane to cyclohexyl methyl ketone

In this case, we can start with a Grignard reaction. The first step is to produce the Grignard reagent with using magnesium. Then if we add acetaldehyde we can form an alcohol, 1-cyclohexylethan-1-ol. Finally, we can reduce the alcohol to produce cyclohexyl methyl ketone.

See figure 1

I hope it helps!

Answer:

pH = 12.61

Explanation:

First of all, we determine, the milimoles of base:

0.120 M = mmoles / 300 mL

mmoles = 300 mL . 0120 M = 36 mmoles

Now, we determine the milimoles of acid:

0.200 M = mmoles / 100 mL

mmoles = 100 mL . 0.200M = 20 mmoles

This is the neutralization:

HCOOH + OH⁻ ⇄ HCOO⁻ + H₂O

20 mmol 36 mmol 20 mmol

16 mmol

We have an excess of OH⁻, the ones from the NaOH and the ones that formed the salt NaHCOO, because this salt has this hydrolisis:

NaHCOO → Na⁺ + HCOO⁻

HCOO⁻ + H₂O ⇄ HCOOH + OH⁻ Kb → Kw / Ka = 5.55×10⁻¹¹

These contribution of OH⁻ to the solution is insignificant because the Kb is very small

So: [OH⁻] = 16 mmol / 400 mL → 0.04 M

- log [OH⁻] = pOH → 1.39

pH = 14 - pOH → 12.61

Answer:

the mass of HBr that would react is 25.41 g of HBr

Explanation:

attached is the calculations.

Answer:

2415.9g (corrected to 1 d.p.)

Explanation:

(Take the atomic mass of Ga=69.7 and S=32.1)

Assuming Ga is the limiting reagent (because the question did not mention the amount of sulphur burnt),

From the balanced equation, the mole ratio of Ga:Ga2S3 = 4: 2 = 2: 1, which means, every 2 moles of Ga burnt, 1 mole of Ga2S3 is produced.

Using this ratio, let y be the no. of moles of Ga2S3 produced,

[tex]\frac{2}{1} =\frac{20.5}{y}[/tex]

y = 20.5 / 2

= 10.25 mol

Since mass = no. of moles x molar mass,

the mass of Ga2S3 produced = 10.25 x (69.7x2 + 32.1x3)

= 2415.9g (corrected to 1 d.p.)

Answer:

Conductors allow a flow of current or a charge of flow

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Answer:

The correct answer is 0.00080 gram per liter.

Explanation:

Based on the given information, the solubility of water is 0.00380 gram per liter, the temperature mentioned is 25 degree C, the partial pressure of oxygen gas is 760 torr, and the mole fraction of oxygen is 0.210. There is a need to determine the solubility of oxygen in water.

Based on Henry's law,

Solubility of oxygen gas = Henry's constant × partial pressure of oxygen gas

Henry's constant, K = solubility of oxygen gas / partial pressure of oxygen gas

= 0.00380 g/L × 1 mol/32 grams / 760 torr × 1 atm/760 torr

= 0.00012 mol/L/atm

= 0.00012 M/atm

Now the partial pressure of the oxygen gas = mole fraction of oxygen × atmospheric pressure

= 0.210 × 1 atm

= 0.210 atm

Now putting the values in Henry's law equation we get,

Solubility of oxygen gas = 0.00012 mol/L/atm × 0.210 at,

= 0.000025 mol/L × 32 gram/mol

= 0.00080 gram per liter

Answer: The lowest possible melting point for engine coolant that is 26.1% ethylene glycol is [tex]-7.83^0C[/tex]

Explanation:

Depression in freezing point or melting point is given by:

[tex]\Delta T_f=i\times K_f\times m[/tex]

[tex]\Delta T_f=T_f^0-T_f=(0-T_f)^0C[/tex] = Depression in freezing point

i= vant hoff factor = ( 1 for non electrolyte)

[tex]K_f[/tex] = freezing point constant for water= [tex]1.86^0C/m[/tex]

m= molality

[tex]\Delta T_f=i\times K_f\times \frac{\text{mass of solute}}{\text{molar mass of solute}\times \text{weight of solvent in kg}}[/tex]

Given : 26.1 g of ethylene glycol in 100 g of water

Weight of solvent (water)= 100 g = 0.1 kg (1kg=1000g)

Molar mass of solute (ethylene glycol) = 62 g/mol

Mass of solute (ethylene glycol) added = 26.1 g

[tex](0-T_f)^0C=1\times 1.86\times \frac{26.1g}{62g/mol\times 0.1kg}[/tex]

[tex](0-T_f)^0C=7.83[/tex]

[tex]T_f=-7.83^0C[/tex]

Thus the lowest possible melting point for engine coolant that is 26.1% ethylene glycol is [tex]-7.83^0C[/tex]